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In 1605 a novel appeared that has become one of the most beloved stories of European literature. It was the history of Don Quixote, the tall, gaunt knight-errant astride his fallible steed, with his potbellied, illiterate squire, Sancho Panza. These eccentric characters are as famous as Sinbad, Tarzan, Odysseus, Hamlet, or Superman. Don Quixote was immediately embraced by his countrymen; it is a testament to the novel and Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra's vivid characterization that the character of Don Quixote is still utilized to mock politicians and satirize the self-righteous.
The original story, El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha, was immediately popular— with six editions in 1605 alone—and has never lost its prominence. Cervantes not only created one of the greatest comic figures of world literature, but with his realist and humanist techniques, he originated, some critics assert, the modern novel.
Part I of Don Quixote's story appeared in 1605 and was complemented ten years later—a year after the usurper, Avellaneda, published a false sequel—by Part II. In both parts of the novel, Don Quixote lives in a world created in his imagination, which had been fueled by his obsession with chivalric tales. He longs to resurrect this world he has long read of: chivalry, battles with giants and evil knights, the rescue of virtuous maidens. Instead, Don Quixote deals with windmills, bedclothes, and much disappointment. Along the way, he acquires a sidekick, Sancho, who helps Don Quixote in hopes of getting rich. This dynamic duo has provided readers throughout the centuries with humorous, yet poignant, chivalric tales.
Alonso Quijano, landowner from La Mancha, is obsessed with his library of chivalrous books. Driven mad by the inconsistencies of plot, character and philosophy that fill each volume of these seventeenth-century precursors to the fantasy novel, Quijano resolves to restore dignity to the lost profession of knight-errantry, assembles a rudimentary sword, suit of armor, and horse (the eternally-suffering-and-spavined Rocinante), and sets out into Spain in his quest for glory.
In return for this act of hysterical faith, he finds violent innkeepers, malevolent thieves, cynical shepherds, sadistic nobility, and even (due to Avellaneda's false sequel to the book's first volume, one of the most famous pieces of fan-fiction ever written) an inferior (and, in the novel, invisible) Quixote impostor.
The first few scenes involve Quixote alone against the contemporary world, but before a hundred pages have elapsed Cervantes introduces Sancho Panza, Quixote's gullible, bloated and homily-spouting squire, who in conjunction with Quixote provides the spark for endlessly bizarre discussions in which Quixote's heightened, insane conception of the world is brought crashing to earth by Sancho's sly pragmatism (discussions which occasionally end with Quixote threatening to pummel Sancho in order to shut him up).
我觉得吧，大概可以按照这么个步骤来写：
第一步：文献阅读
A．针对论文选题和研究方向进行文献检索，针对整理后的有效资料进行认真阅读，尤其是和论文内容相关的部分，要重复理解。阅读次数直接关系到你对文献的理解程度。
B．必要时可以在正式写作summary前制定一个标题，有利于尽快确认文章的中心思想或整体写作思路。标题可以是简短的句子或者词组，对论文主题进行概括，或者直接引用文章中的主题句。
C．确认题目后就可以对参考资料进行筛选整理，按照相关性对资料进行主次区分，对于文献中的重要部分进行提取概括。
D．文献检索过程中需要对有效资料进行简单记录汇总，尤其是参考文献的主要观点对summary能起到概括作用的重要内容。
第二步：着手写作
A. 一般而言summary的字数占全文的20%-30%，所以在确认具体字数以前要了解论文的字数要求。要留意summary的实际字数绝对不能超过这个比例。
B. summary的内容应该是作者在进行文献阅读后再通过自己的话进行写作，而不是直接引用参考资料中的句子。
C. 在summary写作逻辑上应该符合论文的逻辑顺序，内容需要围绕论文整体的研究问题，不能出现论文研究问题以外的新问题的提出。
D. 要体现summary在文章中的作用，就是全面清晰地体现论文所呈现出来的相关信息，以便读者在开始论文全文或者相关参考文献的阅读之前就能完全理解作者想表达的观点。
E. 在正式写作summary时可以参考以下相关技巧：
1) 摒弃细节问题。只保留论文主要观点。
2) 涉及到实证或案例相关内容需要进行精简，只保留一至两个具有代表的性问题进行陈述。
3) 尽量使用简短的具体进行描述，对于参考资料中的相关解释过于复杂和冗长的可以进行精炼。控制在两句话之内说明即可。
4) 避免重复句出现，这种情况在论文或参考资料中会经常出现，主要是为了强调某个636f7079e79fa5e98193332观点或主题，但是在summary中是不可以使用的。
第三步：整理修改和调整
论文完成初稿候要对它进行修改和调整。首先要确保summary内容中提到的观点是否与全文相一致，并且对参考资料中所提及的相关重要内容都概括了。其次，summary中如出现了过多无意义的内容，包括词语短语等，要删除或者用其他更精炼的内容进行替换。保证语言简短，第三，也就是最基本的要求，要对summary文字内容的拼写和语法，包括标点符号的进行检查。
通过以上步骤和方法，一篇summary也就此完成了。
summary写作是在英国留学生论文中是很常见的形式，主要是通过阅读参考文献，吸收相关资料在写作结构与语言方面的特征，结合作者论文的相关研究问题和观点，形成的一篇内容和结构相一致，并且语言简洁的短文。
另外，英国大学教育除了专业知识的传授外，还会对学生的综合学历能力进行培养，这其中就包括阅读和整理参考文献，对研究问题的重点掌握的能力。学生根据某研究问题，通过大量的参考资料进行阅读和总结概括有利于提高学生的学习研究能力的。
How to Write a Summary?
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。
第一步：阅读
A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作
A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”
可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”
“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”
可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”
6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：
“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”
可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”
7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：
“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”
可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”
8） 使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。
9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：
Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”
可以用第三人称概括为：
Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.
第三步：修改成文
草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写e68a84e8a2ade799bee5baa6e79fa5e98193335、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。
经过上述步骤和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。