哪有research proposal范文？research proposal怎么写？

Project Proposal的写作最好选择自己感兴趣的研究方向，记住，一定要体现出自己的逻辑性，因为这样才能体现出我们的学术研究能力。下面是51due整理的Project Proposal写作要素，大家快来看看吧：

1.背景
对于Proposal有意义的要点，如国家职业证书、技能、经验、能力和实习经历等。

2.大纲
描述自己明确感兴趣的领域、研究和方向，即我们希望能够通过学习来承接过去的知识并启发未来的职业道路。用3、4句话阐释自己的Project核心，在大纲中我们应回答这些问题：我的Project有什么意义？谁会是它的受众？

3.发展
参考特定的领域，重要的想法和先例以支撑和表达我们的Proposal。这个部分需要我们展开来描述自己Project所聚焦的具体领域，特别重要的是我们对于先例的评估使用，以及如何看待自己的Project和它们的联系。

4.研究
概述我们想要采用实际、理论和图像研究的逻辑顺序。这个部分要求我们详细计划如何实施自己的Project，并且预想有哪些巨大的困难。

5.评估
评估自己目前的作品，我们能得出什么样的结论？我们的作品优势在哪里，有哪些地方需要提高？

6.资料来源
记录我们在Proposal中使用的资料来源，包括在职业领域有联系的人，图书馆，博物馆，展览，特别档案，收藏等等。记录任何会支持我们项目的专业领域推荐人，这些可能是上面已列出的人，或者是研究人员，生产商，潜在合作伙伴等等。

7.参考文献
给出明确的引用相关文献资料，包括书籍、图片、视频、艺术品、在7a64e78988e69d83363线资源等。

8.附录（optional）
我们可以加入任何与Proposal相关但不是核心的其他材料，这可能是其他项目、笔记本、图纸、公司分析,或额外的研究材料。
以上资料由51due整理，希望对您有所帮助。

首先，先讨论最常见的SOP。无论申请什么学校，一定都会要求SOP。这份文件通常分以下几个部份：大学时期修过课程，大学时期研究，硕班时期修过课程，硕班时期研究，课外活动，打工或工作经验，毕业后的研究经验，未来研究计划。Statement of purpose里的研究计划大概只有一段左右。整篇statement大约为1000字上下最为常见。　　Research proposal一般来说是申请博士才会需要，但是有一些硕士班申请也会要求。通常research proposal会比statementof purpose长。依学校要求可能少则1000字，多则高达十几二十页。至于research proposal要写得多详细?有两种方式：一个7a686964616fe58685e5aeb9363是挑一个研究的方向，写得很详细，展现出现你有能力做深度的研究；另一个是挑两三个研究的主题，每一个都讨论一页左右，让学校觉得你是一个很有弹性，愿意多方学习的人。　　最重要的是，一定要去学校的网站看有哪些研究者，哪些教授，这些教授最近的学生在做什么主题，他们自己又是做什么主题。你写的研究方向如果是教授几年前在做的主题，可能他现在已经没有在做了，或是做腻了，教授可能就不会特别想收你。教授最近在做什么研究，学校的网站会给你最初步的了解，但是最重要的是看教授最近发表的paper或是书，或是他的学生发表的paper或是书是在做什么主题。　　Research proposal通常还会包含一个 literature review，也就是把目前为止学者们做的研究做到哪里了，写出来。那接下来你得说明，你赞成哪些**，不赞成哪些**，以及最重要的是，你未来的研究，跟前人的研究有什么不同，你的学术贡献在哪里?　　如果是你比较top priority想申请的学校，建议博士班申请可以将自己的研究想法，过去做过的研究成果，以及未来想走的方向写一封大约500字的email给你中意的教授。甚至如果有时间的话，可以去参加conference，遇到教授时就直接上前跟他攀谈。如果没有conference可参加，那就直接寄信问教授是否有意愿跟你会面。　　寄简短的research proposal给教授，要注意的是，不要只写：我对你的研究很有兴趣…我毕业于XX大学…我觉得你是很优秀的教授…等等这种废话。请尽量言之有物，不要长篇大论，超过500字会让对方觉得负担很大，可能不会想看你的email。但是太短或是太废话，又会觉得你不够优秀，教授可能会不想浪费时间跟你往来通信或是跟你会面讨论你的博士计划。　　以上当然是最佳的状况，也就是你对你申请的学校的program蛮了解的，你也对你未来的指导教授的研究蛮了解的。如果没有时间，或是真的还是有一点状况外，那research proposal可能写不了很深入，自己找一个主题写深入又怕教授不喜欢你的主题，不想收你。这时候可能research proposal就得写得比较广泛一些。但是说广泛也还是得展现出你有念博班的资格。可能可以挑三个研究方向来写，每一个都写上500-1000字，然后跟教授说你对三个都有兴趣，如果有机会的话看是否可以跟教授讨论。　　最后一种为personal statement，有时是称之为personal history。这一类的文件是我目前在修改文件时最头痛的，往往文不对题，而且只是把statement of purpose里的东西改编一下，换句话说而已。Personal statement是要让你展现出你的个人特质。学校每年收到数百上千份文件，而且每一个人的背景都蛮优秀的，statement of purpose通常都是写你是XX大学毕业，大学做了什么研究，要蛮化也蛮难的。Personalstatement则是让你可以写出你的家庭背景，特别的经验等等。如果讨论家庭背景，请不要写：我有爸爸，妈妈，跟一个哥哥，家庭和乐，妈妈很辛苦…之类的话。家庭背景其实要写的是，比如说，父亲是教授对你有什么启发，家境很不好对你求学之路有什么影响，原住民背景让你在求学之路有什么影响。一般来说外国人会比较喜欢白手起家，或是很努力型的小孩。如果家境很好，请不要讲家里开公司，从小不愁吃不愁穿，所以不知道要做什么，只好申请国外的学校。还是要着重在家里虽然蛮富裕的，父亲却很重视家庭，所以你从小就在自家公司打工，学习父亲的精神，看见父亲很辛苦，想帮忙所以想多学一些技能，希望回国后能分担父亲的劳苦。Personal statement其实有一点洒狗血，讲得很生动，很感人，或是很悲惨可能加分效果会比较好。　　另外像是如果有特别的经验，像是从小就搬家到美国，不太会讲中文，夹在中国跟美国文化中间。或是曾经摆摊卖鸡排，找出该炸多久最好吃，鸡排应该定价多少最赚钱等。或是曾经拿着吉他走唱。或是你做的youtube video超红超多人点看。或是你很会唱歌，拿到全校卡拉OK大王。每年计算机展一定会带你的专业相机去拍show girl，波在网络上获得大家广大的回响。不要小看人的魅力。我们觉得很正常很宅男的兴趣，外国人往往会觉得非常有趣。　　再来，很多人很喜欢写的课外活动为旅行。但是如果你的所谓旅行是参加旅行团去日本或是法国这类先进国家，其实加分效果不太高。因为华人游客给外国人印象很差，根本不是旅行，只是去拍照的。所以除非你去的国家很多很特别，或是你的旅行方式很自助很特别，或是你上山下海高空弹跳搭直升机样样来，尽量不要写你的旅行经验。　　接下来，来找几个学校对personal statement的要求，我来说明一下他们是什么意思。像是Harvard Law School好了，他们写道：　　Applicantspresent themselves, their backgrounds, experiences, and ideas to the AdmissionsCommittee in a Personal Statement. Because people and their experiences arediverse, you are the best person to determine the content of your ownstatement. It is for you to decide what information you would like to convey,and the best way for you to convey it. Whatever you write, readers will beseeking to get a sense of you as a person and as a potential student andgraduate of Harvard Law School. In this context, it is generally more helpfulto write what you think readers should know to have a better sense of who youare rather than writing what you think the readers want to read.　　上面这一段在讲学校是希望让你有发挥的空间，让你有机会展现出你跟别人不一样的地方。因为毕竟学校每年都收到数百份statement，会申请Harvard的同学大概都是差不多的背景：国高中就很优秀啦，大学GPA很高啦，参加社团通常都当社长啦，喜欢打工喜欢旅行等等。千篇一律，没什么特别的。　　这里就是让你讲述你的特别的经验。而且你要如何呈现你自己，学校让你自行发挥。所以一定要好好把握机会，把你最特别，最吸引人的地方讲出来。　　ThePersonal Statement can be an opportunity to illuminate your intellectualbackground and interests, or to provide information about yourself and yourachievements that may not be fully evident through other information providedin the application. In many ways, you are preparing a case. As in legalwriting, it is important to be persuasive, clear, and succinct. There are few substitutesfor careful forethought and planning in this process.　　上面这一段在讲你的 personalstatement应该要讲述 SOP里不会讲到的东西，可以是学术类的，可以是你的兴趣，这些东西都是写在SOP里很怪的范围，但是学校让你发挥在这里。像是当校园记者，办园游会，办迎新活动，参加学生绝食抗争等等都可以写出来。　　再来是 Princeton的网站上面对于 personalstatement的讲解：　　SamplePersonal Statement Topics:· Something about which you arepassionate, such as a sport or volunteer activity· An experience that resulted inintellectual or emotional growth· A challenge that you not onlymet but surpassed· Your academic interests and research　　所以还可以讲你参加了什么社团，系队，校队，或是自愿参加的活动，像是教英文啦，团康啦，去养老院陪老人家聊天啦都可以写。另外还可以写影响你生命至大的事件，像是国中时本来很叛逆，遇到一位好老师，父亲或是母亲会逼你记账并写**以及企划书，或是哥哥在学校是风云人物或是天才，自己一直在他的阴影下成长，但是后来终于找到自己的出路等等。再来，还可以写你遇到什么挫折，像是母亲早逝让你跟父亲相依为命，家境忽然从超好变超差，家道中落亲戚都离你父母而去，得过忧郁症有一阵子一直想自杀后来终于走出来，统计一直学不好，被当了三次，但是终于找到一个超强家教老师，你也拼了命的学，才没有因为统计没过关不能毕业。　　最后，我一定要提醒同学一下，申请文件是「一整套」在看的，所以没有所谓哪一份文件最重要。GPA，托福，GRE/GMAT，在校成绩等等固然重要，推荐信，论文，SOP，personal statement也都一样很重要。学校在看的是你的整体表现，所以如果有一两个部份很差，没关系，只要有别的地方可以补得起来即可。　　有些人可能是成绩很低，但是社团经验，工作经验很丰富；有些人可能很不会考试，托福永远考不过100分，但是研究做得很好，发了三四篇paper；这些同学都还是非常有可能申请得上很好的学校。所以重要的是，整「套」留学文件，应该要互相补充，把一个完整的「你」呈现出来。而且整套留学文件应该要有一个重点。留学文件请加强自己的强项。弱项可以略过不提，但是不要硬解释。大学成绩烂就烂，不需要提供一整段解释为何年少荒唐。

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每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是Research Proposal的写作。它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以说，好的proposal是研究成功的一半。但实际而功利的说，如果你的proposal很烂，可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会。

How to write a research proposal?

能否写出漂亮的proposal，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。但形式也很重要。英文的Research Proposal自有一套“八股”。程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。对于非英语native speaker的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识。下面这篇流传甚广的Research Proposal写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。[点击这里，查看更多关于RESEARCH PROPOSAL以及GRANT PROPOSAL、PROJECT PROPOSAL写作的网上e799bee5baa6e79fa5e98193e78988e69d83333资源]

文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下：

Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s research is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.

A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.

Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.

The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.

The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.

This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.

TITLE:

It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader’s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.

ABSTRACT:

It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.

INTRODUCTION:

The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.

If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.

Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.

However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify “key players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.

The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:

1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.
2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.
3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.
4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.
5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.
6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)
7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.
8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)

LITERATURE REVIEW:

Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.

The literature review serves several important functions:

1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.
2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.
3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.
4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.
5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.
6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.
7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.
8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).

Most students’ literature reviews suffer from the following problems:

* Lacking organization and structure
* Lacking focus, unity and coherence
* Being repetitive and verbose
* Failing to cite influential papers
* Failing to keep up with recent developments
* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers
* Citing irrelevant or trivial references
* Depending too much on secondary sources

Your scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.

There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence to your review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.

It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try to tell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.)

METHODS:

The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.

The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study.

You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question.

Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.

Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)

For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:

1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose?
2. Subjects or participants – Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use?
3. Instruments – What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable?
4. Procedure – How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?

Research Proposal中文可以翻译成“研究计划”或者“研究提案”，顾名思义，就是要告诉老师你的写作计划。Research Proposal是写Research Paper过程中重要的一步，是铺垫也是基础。研究计划应该表明你完全e5a48de588b6e799bee5baa6e997aee7ad94337理解了topic，对于研究你有清晰合理的思路，并且你有能力完成这个研究项目。研究计划是正式研究过程的一部分，所以需要你认真对待。写作风格应该清晰，简明扼要，使用正式的学术语调去写。下文Top论文小编为大家带来Research Proposal写作6个重要步骤。

　　Research Proposal写作步骤一：Title(标题)

文章的标题是很重要的，一个好的吸引人的题目能给你的文章增色不少。同时，你的标题应该是一个清晰的描述能够概述你的论文。它应该能够告知读者你的topic并抓住读者的眼球。

这里有一个标题的例子：

Helicopter Parents:Are They Helping or Harming Children?

这个标题就是描述性了问题，并且提供了信息解释问题。

　　Research Proposal写作步骤二：Abstract(摘要)

摘要是一个简短的总结，通常是200-300字。应当包含以下内容：

1. 你在写关于什么的

2. 你为什么要研究这个话题

3. 你希望通过完成研究得出什么结论

这里有一个摘要的例子：

This research project will focus on helicopter parenting.Helicopter parents are often defined as well-intentioned mothers and fathers who are overly involved in their children’s(and often their adult children’s)lives.While helicopter parents usually feel that their actions are helping their children,many researchers now question whether parents are becoming too involved.This relatively new form of parenting has come under scrutiny in recent years as society questions its effectiveness.The question this research project examines is whether such over-involvement is ultimately helpful or harmful to children.The project will include a brief overview of several common parenting styles,including permissive and authoritative parenting,and compare these parenting styles to helicopter parenting to examine both positive and negative outcomes of each parenting style.A literature review will be the primary method behind the research;however,this research project will also incorporate an original survey of approximately 20 high school and college students.The survey will include short-answer and multiple-choice questions and will provide evidence of whether teens with helicopter parents struggle in academics and whether these same individuals can make decisions on their own.

Whew!That was a lot of writing!Hang in there.We’re not done with the research proposal,yet.Keep working and writing…that piece of cake is within reach!

　　Research Proposal写作步骤三：Introduction(简介)

简介部分应该是两到三段，就和通常的研究论文的简介是一样的。这部分你需要使读者产生兴趣并且让他们大概了解你的论文要写什么。

Introduction应包括以下内容：

• 你在研究论文中遇到的问题

• 你的研究背后的原因以及为什么你完成这项研究是很重要的

• 你希望通过完成研究找到什么

• 你对研究的任何预测

是的，我知道，有些信息已经在摘要里交代了。但是请记住，摘要（abstract）是文章的总结。简介（introduction）是更具体更细节的向读者介绍了你的文章。

　　Research Proposal写作步骤四：Literature Review（文献调查）

（文献调查）Literature Review正如字面意思：你需要去调查文献。

在文献调查时，你需要找到主题相关的可靠信息来源并为你research paper的主要观点找到可靠的专家依据。

文献调查旨在让读者不仅了解专家们对该课题的见解，而且说明为什么你的研究是及时和重要的。文学评论的篇幅可以从几段到几页不等。所以与你的导师检查具体的长度要求。

　　Research Proposal写作步骤五：Methods and Results（方法和结果）

这一部分向读者解释你将如何开展你自己的研究。

你需要解释你将完成什么类型的研究。你会进行调查或问卷调查吗？你会在实验室里做实验吗？你的工作是亲自完成还是在线完成？

方法部分还将确定谁将参与这项研究。你会发动亲友帮你完成调查？还是会招募大学生、高中生、教授或其他团体来帮你完成？

在方法部分中，您还需要解释您使用了什么类型的方法以及如何知道它们是可靠的。换句话说，你是否使用多项选择问卷？你接受过采访吗？你使用计算机程序来分析数据吗？

最后，结果部分可能会对你的研究做出一些预测。

　　Research Proposal写作步骤六：Discussion（讨论）

研究提案的讨论内容不要仅仅局限于你的论文讨论。它着眼于你在研究中存在的任何问题。

例如，如果你正在进行在线调查，除了预期的参与者之外，还有人能完成调查吗？如果你完成了一组人的调查，你怎么知道他们在如实回答？

最后，研究计划是研究论文（Research Paper）中重要的一个环节，研究计划是需要大量繁琐调查，需要十分仔细的研究的工作，而且需要严格遵守写作要求，写作风格来写。

答案由留学生活小编根据Top论文网内容整理贡献，敬请采纳，原文地址：网页链接