case summary 怎么写

你完全写错了0 0

case report
病例报告
例句：
In this case report, we reviewed the literature and assessed the fertility and endocrine consequences.
本报告中，我们对一些百文献进行了综述，并对生育力及内分泌系统度的影响进行了评估。回
You left out an important detail in your case report.
你的案情报告中，漏掉了一个很重要的细节。
A "case report" refers to an episode rather than a patient.
病例报答告指一个片段不是病人。
case report要看什么内容的case了，一般的就根据case内容写呗百，要占字数的话写个简短的case背景，然后分析case，再给出你度的观点，最后写一些建议。literature review我没怎么写过问，应该是先阐述你要讨论的问题和重要性，然后分别介绍和评价你选的几篇要做比较的学术答论文，解释这几篇论文的相同观点和对立观点，最后总结内说明你认为哪一篇最有说服力对问题的研究最容有帮助。

7a686964616fe4b893e5b19e339In writing the summary of a judicial decision, it is important to keep in
mind the purposes for which you are writing it. The summary is a way of forcing
yourself to ask key questions that assist you in understanding the decision. In
addition, the summary then provides a quick and easy means of recalling what you
have read. Finally, the summary put you in a position to start asking critical
questions about a judicial decision. Hence the summary is being written both to
help you learn about the contents of the decision, to help you in recalling
those contents at some point in the future, and to prepare the way for critical
reflection.

　　The following is a suggested format for case summaries which you should
attempt to master. It sets out a number of elements that should be contained in
a case summary. Read through this before reading the case and starting to write
the summary, because knowing the format of the summary may influence how you
read the case. The key is to systematically arrange related parts of the
decision that are often scattered throughout the written judgement. The point is
to make it possible to manage and understand what might otherwise appear to be a
long and difficult to assimilate amount of information.

　　Citation

　　First of all, it is good practice to provide a citation at the top of the
summary. For instance, a citation to a case which is accessible on the Internet
might take the form: Doe v. Roe (15 December, 1998), Toronto, Ontario Court of
Appeal: online http://www.ontariocourts.on.ca; last accessed 23 Sept. 1999. A
similar citation to a decision published in a formally published report series
might take the form: Doe v. Roe (1998) 55 O.R. (4th) 458 (C.A.) A citation
provides key information about the case and where it can be located, in the
event that you or another person wish to read the case again. Furthermore, if
you wish to make reference to the decision in an essay or other written work, it
is necessary to properly document the case in a citation.

　　A citation normally provides the names of the leading parties involved in
the case. For example, if John Doe is suing Rhonda Roe, the citation usually
beginsDoe v. Roe. The last name of the plaintiff or applicant normally comes
first, followed by "v." which means "versus" and then comes the last name of the
defendant or respondent in the case. Following the names of the parties, the
citation usually provides additional information about the date of the decision,
the place or court where the decision was made, and where the decision can be
found, whether it be in a court or commercially published law journal, or on the
Internet. If the decision is available on the Internet, and there is also a
citation to a print version of the case available, it is good practice to give
information about both sources. For cases available on the Internet, provide the
URL where the case is available, and the date on which you last accessed the
case.

　　Nature of the Case

　　The substantive part of the summary should start with a very brief
statement of the nature of the case. This basically answers the question of why
there is a legal action before the court, the nature of that action, and what
remedy is being sought. The action might be a suit claiming breach of contract
for which damages are being sought. Another example might be a suit brought by a
prisoner claiming that he was unfairly denied parole. The particular decision
might be an appeal of a lower court decision, or it might be an application for
judicial review of an administrative tribunal's decision. The key is to discover
who is asking this particular court for what.

　　Try to put this statement of the nature of the case in words that you, the
student, understand. Merely repeating the language of the court without
understanding what the court is saying is of little assistance in terms of
advancing understanding.

　　The Facts

　　The next part of the summary should provide a succinct statement of the
facts of the case. Only those facts that are relevant to the main legal issues
should be noted. Sometimes the court itself provides a useful summary of the
facts at the beginning of the decision, but sometimes it is necessary to cull
the facts from the decision as a whole. Even where the court provides a summary,
the summary that you write for yourself will likely be a condensation of the
facts as reported by the judge. The summary of facts should not be any longer
than three or four sentences, forcing you to hone in on the key elements of the
case. It is usually impossible to tell what the most relevant facts are until
you have read the whole case, as the final decision may turn on a particular
fact or set of facts that is only revealed or discussed near the end of the
decision.

　　Issue

　　The summary should contain a clear statement of the legal issue addressed
in the decision. To the extent that a court decision purports to resolve a
dispute between the parties on the basis of a legal rule, the legal issue in the
case involves an identification of the appropriate legal rule to apply to the
resolution of the dispute. It is often appropriate to state the legal issue in
the form of a question, such as "where is a contract formed when the acceptance
is communicated by fax?" Another example might be: "Does the guarantee of
freedom of expression in the Charter of Rights preserve a union's right to
engage in picketing?" One problem that arises in identifying the issue is that
the court often purports to raise and answer several questions. In many cases
there is one central issue on which the resolution of the dispute revolves, and
in that situation it is desirable to only state that one issue. However, if it
is clear that the court is basing its decision on several issues, then by all
means feel free to include them in the summary. The statement of each issue,
however, should normally be no longer than a sentence. The key to identifying
the issues in a case is to reflect upon who wants what, did they succeed or fail
in getting it, and thinking of the issue in the case as explaining why they may
have succeeded or failed.

　　Concise Rule of Law

　　Provide a statement of the general principle of law that the case
illustrates. For example, "A contract is formed in the place where an acceptance
by fax is received." or "Picketing in the form of leafleting aimed at consumers
is a form of freedom of expression protected by the Charter of Rights and
Freedoms." The identification of the rule of law is similar to the
identification of the issue, but is most often best stated in a declarative
fashion, and with somewhat more precision than the statement of the issue.

　　Holding and Decision

　　Explain the court's rationale in reaching its conclusion. Explain how the
court applied the general rule of law to the facts of the case, and the public
policy issues or other factors that may influence the judge's reasoning. Finish
with a statement indicating how the case was finally decided. For example, "the
plaintiff's claim for damages was disallowed" or "the appeal was allowed".
(This, of course, assumes that in the description of the nature of the case, you
have clearly stated the nature of the plaintiff's claim, or the basis of the
appeal).

　　Some Final Pointers

　　Be as economical as possible in providing the summary of a case. The
suggested format encourages succinctness. The regular use of such a summary
format also helps you to be economical with regard to the time spent on reading
of the case. Force yourself to read with an eye trained to recognize into which
section of your summary a particular passage or line fits. It helps to jot notes
as you read, with the structure of your summary in mind.