作者：158文章网日期：
返回目录：作文写作
应试作文的评分标准尽管描述语言不同，但都可以分为内容、组织和语言三个方面，如果是应用文，还要看语域(主要指语言使用是否符合场合)和格式。新四级作文的评分标准也不能脱离以上三大方面：内容按照题目提纲扩展即可；组织除了要注意段与段之间的连贯与衔接之外，还要特别注意考生最容易忽略的句与句之间的逻辑性；最难提高的是语言，即用词的丰富性和句子的复杂性。要拿到新四级写作高分，就必须在语言上有所起色，语言是绕不过去的一个心结，那么语言突破之路，到底在何方呢？答曰：简单句。
这是从广大考生的实际出发给出的回答。因为学了很多年的英语，大部分考生还是能够写出一些东西的，最起码能够写出一些英语的简单句吧。简单句包括S+V(主谓句)，S+V+O(主谓宾)， S+V+O+O(主谓宾宾)，S+V+O+C(主谓宾宾补)， S+V+C(主系表)，复杂一些的句子无不是由这些简单句演变而来的。
用简单句写复杂思想
学了这么多年英语，为什么还不能写出好的句子？原因在于想得太复杂了。我们可以将要表达的汉语思想，全部说成简单的句子，而简单句，在写作时是考生可以掌控的。之后再将简单句加以润色、组合，使之登堂入室，夺取高分。
例如e69da5e887aa7a686964616f330写这句话：大学生刚刚毕业就想立刻找到高薪的工作是不可能的。看到这样的汉语句子，一般我们的反应是要用It is impossible for sb. to do sth.. 这样的句型，然后想着往里填词：在sb. 的位置填上“刚刚毕业的大学生”，在不定式的位置填上“找到高薪的工作”，如下所示：
It is impossible for刚刚毕业的大学生to找到高薪的工作.
那么“刚刚毕业的大学生”怎么写？英语里面好像找不到一个表示“刚刚毕业的”形容词放在大学生前面，所以就要用定语从句，写成college students who have just graduated，如果graduated不会写，先写成left；然后怎么写“高薪的”，英语里面也没有这样一个形容词放在jobs的前面，所以用定语从句，写成to find jobs which can give them a lot of money。这样这个句子将写成：It is impossible for college students who have just graduated to find jobs which can give them a lot of money. 这样将两个定语从句放在这个句型里面，实在是太容易犯错了。实际上，刚刚毕业的大学生可以写成：newly-graduated students, 而高薪的工作可以写成well-paying jobs, 将这两个短语放进去，成为：It is impossible for newly-graduated students to find well-paying jobs，与上面的定语从句相比会获得更高的分数。不过试问，能写出这两个短语的有几人呢？
我们能不能换一种思路，想得简单点，把上面一句话拆分成为四句：
①每年，都有很多大学生毕业。
②他们都想找到工作。
③这些工作可以给他们很多钱。
④这是不可能的。
我相信这样的句子大部分考生很快就可以写出来：
①Every year, many college students graduate.
②They all want to find jobs.
③These jobs can give them a lot of money.
④This is impossible.
第一句话属于五种简单句中的主谓句，第二句是主谓宾，第三句是主谓间宾直宾，第四句是主系表。
下面我们看看能不能润色一下：第一句话我们将熟悉的many改为heaps and heaps of (一批一批的)，这是换词；然后?：from universities；又想到还有独立的学院，再加上and institutes。第一句话变成：Every year, heaps and heaps of college students graduate from universities and institutes.
这句话这样一改，便成气候了。
第二句和第三句可以用定语从句连接起来，因为第三句的主语是第二句最后jobs的重复，所以②＋③成为：They all want to find jobs，which can give them a lot of money. 再润色，我们发现give可以改为offer，a lot of money可以改为handsome salaries。利用学过的语法知识我们可以让这个句子更加复杂，给定语从句中加一个插入语：they hope，放在which后面，这样这句话就成为：They all want to find jobs，which they hope can offer them handsome salaries.
第四句话也可以和前两句连在一起，这次不采用主从复合句，而采用并列句，因为意思发生转折，故用but连接，而impossible太绝对了，改为hardly possible，于是成为：They all want to find jobs，which they hope can offer them handsome salaries，but this is hardly possible.
所以最初的那句话，经过拆解、加工(换词和连句)形成了下面的一组句子：Every year, heaps and heaps of college students graduate from universities and institutes. They all want to find jobs，which they hope can offer them handsome salaries，but this is hardly possible.
上文总共32个词，与我们刚才认为很难达到的那个句子It is impossible for newly-graduated students to find well-paying jobs (10个词)相比，气势上毫不逊色，但是哪一种写法更适合广大考生的情况呢？当然是从熟悉的东西着手改造更为可取，像newly-graduated和well-paying这样的天外来客式的词组需要积累，或者自己有意去搜寻。再强调一下：上面这组句子是我们从简单句变过来的。这说明：简单句这只丑小鸭也可以变成白天鹅！这是对四级考生写作应试方面最大的启示！
笔者坚定地认为，写好四级作文，切勿好高骛远，一下子就想写出来很复杂的句子可能会搞得遍体鳞伤。所以，要从可以掌控的东西出发，即将复杂的汉语思想分解成为简单句，或者说，学会想简单的句子，然后表达成为简单句，进而对之进行再加工，要么换词，要么连句，如此润色，写作可成矣！
简单句写作思路
英文写作的思维就像一个黑洞，似乎深不可测，但如果我们将写作的过程视为一个看不见的汉译英的过程就会简单明了得多。根据笔者的经验，英文写作一般是先想主语，因为主语是一句话的开头；再想谓语，谓语中应该会先写助动词，所以先想用什么时态、语态、情态；接下来是动词，动词要考虑的是用及物动词还是不及物动词，是系动词还是实义动词。如果是及物动词就要考虑跟宾语，系动词就要考虑跟表语。如下图所示：
系动词跟表语
下面，我们一起来写几句话。
例一： 国际旅游业创造了很多就业机会。
这句话比较简单。首先想想写这句话主语应该是什么？应该是“国际旅游业”，谓语应该是“创造”，还要带一个宾语“就业机会”。这句话的主干应该是：旅游业创造就业机会。对应的简单句句型应该是主谓宾S+V+O。先写主语：International tourism；下面考虑时态，这应该是一个经常反复发生的动作，故用一般现在时，create这个动词应该加s；create是及物动词，所以后面加上many job opportunities, 写成：International tourism creates many job opportunities.
例二：外出工作让母亲们没法照顾好孩子。
这是一个稍微难的句子，先想主语，是“外出工作”，在主语的位置要用动名词，写成Working outside；“让”不能写成let，要用make, 时态用一般现在时，故make要加s；make是及物动词，后跟宾语mothers, “没法照顾好孩子”就成为宾语补足语，构成S+V+O+C的句型，宾语补足语用形容词，写成unable to take good care of their children, 全句成为：Working outside makes women unable to take good care of their children.
当然还可以写成：
Working outside makes it impossible for women to take good care of their children.
这句话将原句进行了适当变通，使之成为“外出工作让母亲们照顾好孩子成为不可能”，然后活用了it作为形式宾语，将不定式后置。相比之下第一种写法稍显生硬。
第三种写法：Working outside deprives women of the chance to take good care of their children.
这句话将原句进行了适当变通，使之成为“外出工作剥夺了母亲们照顾好孩子的机会”，活用了deprive sb. of 这个句型。所以英语写作有很多可能，可选择自己最有把握的句子写出来。
例三：五月到九月份，公司的营业额极不稳定。
这句话在图表写作时可能遇到。五月到九月份可以理解为在五月到九月份，作时间状语，写成between May and September；主语选择“公司的营业额”，将这句话理解为“是极不稳定的”；谓语动词选择系动词be的过去式，为was；“不稳定的”用形容词erratic, 这句话可以写成主系表结构S+V+C：Between May and September, the turnover of the company was fairly erratic.注意系动词所表示的“是”，经常在汉语思维中隐藏。
结束语：简单句需要同学们好好训练，因为简单句是走向更复杂句子结构的基础，也是新四级考生在临场考试时最能够有把握写好而不犯错的句型。
四六级写作常见句型
（1）用于描写漫画、图表的常用句型
①As the graph depicts , …e79fa5e98193e4b893e5b19e363
②From the cartoon /picture , we can see that …
③According to the statistics shown in the first /second graph ,
④The table shows / indicates / reveals that …
⑤It can be seen /concluded from the picture / table / figures that …
（2）用于句首提出论题或现象的句型
①Recently , …has become the focus of the society .
②…has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life .
③Nowadays there is a growing concern for …
④Nowadays it is common to hear /see …
⑤…has become a common occurrence in our daily life .
⑥Nowadays more and more people are beginning to be aware of the seriousness of …
⑦It is only during the last /past few years that man has become generally aware that …
⑧There is an old / popular saying / proverb which says / goes …
⑨In recent years , there is a general tendency …
⑩Nowadays … has become a problem we have to face .
（3）用于比较、阐述不同观点的常用句型
①Some people like / prefer …, while others are / feel inclined to …
②There are different opinions among people as to … Some believe … whole hold …
③Some people claim that … is superior to … Others , however , disagree with it .
④Some people believe … Others maintain … Still others claim …
⑤Some people suggest … Others , however , hold the opposite opinion .
⑥On the one hand , people tend to … On the other hand , they feel …
⑦Some people argue that … Others , in contrast , believe that …
⑧Although more and more people come to believe … there are still others who insist that …
⑨On the contrary , there are people in favor of …
⑩There are some people who hold different opinions about …
（4）用于陈述个人观点/想法的常用句型
①My own experience tells me that …
②In my opinion , we should attack more importance to …
③As for my own idea about … I believe …
④As far as I am concerned , I plan to …
⑤Personally , I prefer …
⑥In my view , both sides are partly right in that …
⑦But for me , I would rather …
⑧My own point of view is that …
⑨In conclusion , I support the statement that …
⑩As regards me , I tend to choose …
（5）用于书信写作的常用句型
①Thank you for your letter of …
②It is a pleasure for me invite you on behalf of … to accept …
③Thanks so much for your letter , which arrived …
④I am writing to you with reference to …
⑤I am writing to you in connection with …
⑥I would be grateful if you could / would …
⑦I would like to know some information on …
⑧It will be appreciated if you can / could …
⑨I would also like to know if you can / could …
⑩I look forward to hearing from you .
（6）用于结尾的常用句型
①From what has been discussed / mentioned above , we may conclude that …
②Therefore , it is not difficult to draw / come to the conclusion that …
③It is high time that something was done about …
④From all the reasons / consideration above , it is evident / clear / obvious that …
⑤Taking into account all these factors , we may reach the conclusion that …
⑥Given the reasons / consideration I have just outlined / discussed / presented , I strongly recommend that …
⑦It is clear , therefore , that …
⑧All in all ,what really matters is , in fact , to …
⑨It is essential that effective measure be taken to …
⑩From what has been discussed above , we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that …
⑾ In conclusion ,the most important is …
⑿ On the whole , it is high time that every one …
⒀ As a result , we should take some effective steps to …
⒁ Judging by the figures / statistics , it is not difficult to see that …
⒂ Only in this way / in so doing , can be really …
四六级写作基本句式
以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的功能相同或相似，考生可根据自己的情况选择其中的1－2个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。
1．表示原因
1）There are three reasons for this．
2）The reasons for this are as follows．
3）The reason for this is obvious．
4）The reason for this is not far to seek．
5）The reason for this is that．．．
6）We have good reason to believe that．．．
例如：
There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life. Firstly, people’s living standard has been greatly improved. Secondly, most people are well paid, and they can afford what they need or like. Last but not least, more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life
注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。
2．表示好处
1）It has the following advantages．
2）It does us a lot of good．
3）It benefits us quite a lot．
4）It is beneficial to us．
5）It is of great benefit to us．
例如：
Books are like friends. They can help us know the world better, and they can open our minds and widen our horizons. Therefore, reading extensively is of great benefit to us.
图表作文
1. As is shown by the graph/in the table。。（概述图表） 正如曲线所示，最近54年来该国人口飞速增长。
As is shown by the graph,there has been a rapid increase in the population of the country in the past five years.
2. It can be seen from the table that … （得出结论）
shown graph
concluded figures
estimated statistics
A. 从表中所给的统计数字可以看出，从1985年到1990年中国的人均收入迅速提高。
From the statistics given in the table it can be seen that the average personal income of the Chinese people increased (grew 、rose) rapidly from 1985 to 1990.
B. 从曲线图可以得出结论，最近5年来中国人口的出生率已经大大下降。
It can be concluded from the graph that there has been a great decline in birth rates in China in the past five years.
3. … amount to … （数量总计）
add up to
come to
sum up to
全部费用合计200美元。
All the expenses (costs) amount to (= add up to) $ 200.
4. … increase from … to … （数量增减）
decrease
rise
fall
drop
A. 这个工厂生产的彩电已由1986年的5000台增加到1990年的21000台。
The number of colour TV sets produced by the factory increased (rose , grew , climbed) from 5000 in 1986 to 21000 in 1990.
B.参加者的人数增加到30万。
The number of paticipants grew up to 300000 persons = increased , reaching 300000 persons).
C. 这个学校的教职工人数已减少到700人。
The number of teaching staff members in this school has decreased to 700 persons.
5.（be）three times as + 形容词 + as 总产量 total output 钢的年产量 the annual output of
上升17％ rise by 17per cent steel
日产量 the daily output 导致产量下降 result in a
diminished output
现在我们地区的粮食产量相当于1970年的3倍。
The grain production (= output)in our area now is three times as great as that of 1970.
6.Compared with … , …
与去年相比，今年13项主要产品的产量都有大幅度增长。The factory has an output of 9 million cigarettes daily.
Compared with that of last year,the output of 13 main products (= items) this year has increased to a great extent.
7.There is (was) a rapid rise in … be on the rise
has been sharp increase on the increase
sudden decrease on the decline
steady decline
gradual fall
slow drop
slight
最近几年来这个地区的棉花产量有了迅速增长。
The cotton output in this area has increased rapidly in the past few years.
——“结尾”段落中常用的句型：
1. In my opinion, … 2. Personally, I … 3. In short (= In brief), …
4. In conclusion, … 5.As far as I’m concerned, … 6. To conclude , it seems clear that …
至于说到我，我赞e799bee5baa6e79fa5e98193e4b893e5b19e364成前一种观点。所以，我的结论是，只要我们坚持正确的东西，改正错误的东西，我们就一定能成功。
As far as I’m concerned ,I’m in favour of the former view.Therefore,my conclusion is that we are certain to succeed as long as we stick to what is right and correct what is wrong.